Epidemiologia da hanseníase e a descentralização das ações de controle no brasil / La epidemiología de la lepra y la descentralización de las acciones de control en brasil / Leprosy epidemiology and the decentralization of control actions in brazil

Objetivo analisar a situação epidemiológica da hanseníase no Brasil e sua associação com a descentralização das ações de controle. Método estudo ecológico misto com dados secundários do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação dos municípios brasileiros. Utilizou-se modelo de regressão binomial negativo entre 2001 e 2015. Resultados a análise das variações geográficas e temporais mostrou comportamentos heterogêneos dos três indicadores epidemiológicos de hanseníase. O aumento significativo desses foi associado à proporção de casos diagnosticados na Atenção Primária à Saúde (p<0,001; p=0,003; p=0,015); já a proporção da cobertura populacional estimada por Estratégia Saúde da Família foi associada somente à redução significativa do indicador taxa de detecção entre menores de quinze anos (p=0,017). Conclusão a interpretação simultânea dos principais indicadores epidemiológicos da hanseníase no Brasil reforçou a gravidade da situação e evidenciou que a satisfatória disponibilidade da ESF é insuficiente para o controle da doença.

Objetivo analizar la situación epidemiológica de la lepra en Brasil y su asociación con la descentralización de las acciones de control. Método estudio ecológico misto con datos secundarios del Sistema de Información de Agravamientos de Notificación de los municipios brasileños. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión binomial negativa entre 2001 y 2015. Resultados el análisis de las variaciones geográficas y temporales mostró un comportamiento heterogéneo de los tres indicadores epidemiológicos de la lepra. El aumento significativo se asoció a la proporción de casos diagnosticados en Atención Primaria de Salud (p<0,001, p=0,003, p=0,015), mientras que la proporción de cobertura poblacional estimada por la Estrategia de Salud Familiar (ESF) se asoció únicamente a la reducción significativa de la tasa de detección del indicador entre los menores de quince años (p=0,017). Conclusión la interpretación simultánea de los principales indicadores epidemiológicos de la lepra en Brasil reforzó la gravedad de la situación y evidenció que la satisfactoria disponibilidad del ESF es insuficiente para el control de la enfermedad.

Objective to analyze the epidemiological situation of leprosy in Brazil and its association with the decentralization of control actions. Method mixed ecological study with secondary data from the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Brazilian Information System on Notifiable Diseases) of Brazilian municipalities. A negative binomial regression model was used between 2001 and 2015. Results The analysis of geographic and temporal variations showed heterogeneous behavior of the three epidemiological indicators of leprosy. The significant increase in these was associated with the proportion of cases diagnosed in Primary Health Care (p<0.001; p=0.003; p=0.015); whereas the proportion of population coverage estimated by the Family Health Strategy (FHS) was associated only with the significant reduction in the indicator detection rate among children under fifteen (p=0.017). Conclusion the simultaneous interpretation of the main epidemiological indicators of leprosy in Brazil reinforced the gravity of the situation and evidenced that the satisfactory availability of the FHS is insufficient for the control of the disease.

A profilaxia e o tratamento das enfermidades do oeste paulista: o Serviço Sanitário e o tracoma no princípio do século XX / Prophylaxis and treatment of diseases in western São Paulo state: the Sanitation Service and trachoma in the early twentieth century

Resumo Em 1906, Emílio Ribas reorganizou o Serviço Sanitário e centralizou na capital os serviços de saúde pública do estado de São Paulo. Nesse projeto, a campanha de combate ao tracoma, uma enfermidade oftálmica, foi implantada. Este artigo analisa essa campanha que atendeu os enfermos das propriedades rurais em um processo que antecedeu ao Código Sanitário Rural de 1917. O material empírico foi composto por relatórios governamentais, decretos, periódicos médicos e jornais. Concluímos que Ribas, ao criar uma estrutura que unificou os esforços dos distritos sanitários com as equipes de atendimento das Comissões do Tracoma, buscou formar um complexo aparato para combater as enfermidades presentes tanto nas áreas urbanas quanto na zona rural.

Abstract In 1906, Emílio Ribas reorganized the Sanitation Service and centralized São Paulo state public health services in the state capital. A campaign to combat trachoma, an ophthalmic disease, was implemented as part of this project. This article analyzes this campaign, which provided care for the sick living on rural properties in a process that predated the 1917 Rural Sanitary Code. The empirical data was obtained from government reports, decrees, medical journals and newspapers. We conclude that Ribas, by creating an organization that integrated the efforts of the sanitary districts and the Trachoma Commission medical teams, sought to form a complex apparatus to combat the diseases present in both urban areas and the countryside.

Controles administrativos para garantizar la implementación de las medidas de prevención y control de infecciones en el contexto de COVID-19 / Administrative controls to ensure the implementation of infection prevention and control measures in the context of COVID-19

Presentar un resumen de las medidas administrativas que sirven de base para la implementación de las medidas deprevención y control de infecciones (PCI) en el contexto de COVID-19

Material para la comunicación de riesgos sobre la COVID-19 para los establecimientos de salud / Material for risk communication on COVID-19 for health facilities

El 30 de enero del 2020, la OMS declaró que el brote de la enfermedad causada por el nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19) era una emergencia de salud pública de importancia internacional. Para responder a la COVID-19 se requieren una preparación y una respuesta críticas, que incluyen dotar al personal y los gerentes de los establecimientos de salud de la información, los procedimientos y las herramientas necesarios para que puedan trabajar de manera segura y eficaz. El personal de salud desempeña un papel decisivo en la respuesta al brote de COVID-19 y es la piedra angular de las defensas de un país para limitar o contener la propagación de la enfermedad. En la primera línea, el personal de salud proporciona la atención necesaria a los pacientes con COVID-19 presunta o confirmada, a menudo en circunstancias difíciles, y corre mayores riesgos de contraer la enfermedad en el curso de su labor. Puede estar expuesto a riesgos como angustia, fatiga, desgaste ocupacional o estigma. La OMS reconoce este trabajo esencial, así como la responsabilid

Promoción y educación para la prevención de IRAS y COVID-19 / Promotion and Education for the prevention of IRAS and COVID-19

Presenta orientaciones técnicas para promover la participación social de una forma organizada y evitar caos con el objetivo de implementar acciones de promoción y educación para fomentar buenas prácticas de salud a nivel individual, familiar y comunitario para la prevención de Coronavirus (COVID-19) en la red de servicios de salud con participación social.

Strategies to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract The World Health Organization declared a COVID-19 pandemic on March 11, 2020, when there were 4,293 confirmed cumulative deaths. By May 17, 2020 this number increased to 315,005. The risk of death is higher above the age of 60, but there are many deaths below 60 (for example, in Sao Paulo, 25%). Due to the lack of a vaccine or specific treatment, there are at least three types of interventions used in the first wave of this pandemic: increased alertness and hygiene (e.g. Sweden); identification and isolation of infected people and their contacts (e.g. South Korea); lockdown (e.g. Italy). These interventions are complementary. Choices of the right mix of interventions will vary from society to society and in the same society at different times. The search for a miracle drug is dangerous because it is based on the mistaken belief that any treatment option is better than "nothing". Brazilian society will not be able to maintain lockdown for a long period. Naturally, in the near future, regardless of the advice from scientists, doctors and authorities, commerce, services and schools will reopen. In order to implement any strategy aimed to control the pandemic and preserve the economy, the country needs leadership that centralizes and coordinates actions. Unfortunately, the Brazilian government is not fulfilling this role; on the contrary, it is a hindrance. This negative leadership and lack of coordination are causing many deaths and are severely damaging the lives of survivors by delaying the resuming of economic and social activities.

Information transmission process for disease notification and feedback in the community-based disease surveillance system in Anambra State, Nigeria

Disease surveillance and notification (DSN) system has been shown to be weak in Nigeria and still needs to be built up for effective detection and response to some communities. The aim of this paper is to assess the reporting and feedback mechanisms in the Community-based surveillance System (CBSS) in Anambra State, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study of 360 community-based focal points in Anambra State selected by multistage sampling technique. Data collection was by interview using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20, associations between variables were tested using Chi square, Fisher's exact and t tests as appropriate (p<0.05). Forty-one (13.1%) focal points sent in reports for at least four times, (72.2%) received feedback within the last one year and (44.6%) was via the phone. However, 229 (63.6%) of the respondents gave the feedback to the community mainly via the village health committees (44.1%). Respondents' occupation, ever detected notifiable disease; source of information; person the detected disease was reported to; records of notified disease kept by focal points; number of times reports were sent in the last one year, received feedback given to community members, availability of supervisors for focal points and volunteer benefit from being focal points were found to have associations with receipt of feedback on disease case notification (p<0.05). This study found poor reporting but good feedback mechanisms. However, there is need to reform the State CBSS in line with the above findings in order to make it more functional.

Avaliação de ações de controle da tuberculose em um município brasileiro de grande porte / Evaluation of tuberculosis control actions in a large Brazilian municipality / Evaluación de las acciones de control de la tuberculosis en un municipio brasileño de gran tamaño

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar as ações de controle da tuberculose realizadas em um município brasileiro de grande porte. Métodos Estudo transversal analítico de abordagem quantitativa, cuja população (N=137) abrangeu os doentes com tuberculose notificados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos e Notificação e que estavam em tratamento, com amostra (n=75) obtida após os critérios de inclusão e de exclusão. As variáveis estudadas foram: "unidade de saúde responsável pelo diagnóstico da tuberculose", "tempo gasto para receber o diagnóstico da tuberculose, após o início dos sinais e sintomas", "unidade de saúde responsável pelo tratamento da tuberculose" e "tipo de tratamento da tuberculose". Os dados foram obtidos a partir de entrevistas estruturadas e analisados por meio da estatística descritiva e analítica com a aplicação do Teste Qui Quadrado de Pearson, através do software R. Conclusão O estudo identificou que as ações de controle da tuberculose encontram-se centralizadas nos serviços especializados e na rede privada, o que contribui para o diagnóstico tardio e dificulta a quebra da cadeia de transmissão da doença, além do tratamento autoadministrado, modalidade que favorece o desfecho antagônico do tratamento.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate tuberculosis control actions in one large Brazilian municipality. Materials and Methods Quantitative, cross-sectional study, with a population (N=137) of patients with tuberculosis notified in the Sistema de Informação de Agravos e Notificação (Brazilian Case Registry Database). The final sample (n = 75) was obtained based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The studied variables were: "health center in charge of diagnosing tuberculosis", "time elapsed since the onset of signs and symptoms until diagnosis of tuberculosis", "health center in charge of providing treatment of tuberculosis" and "type of tuberculosis treatment". Data were collected between March and July of 2015, and were obtained from structured interviews and analyzed through descriptive and analytic statistics by Chi square test method, using the R software. Conclusion The study identified that tuberculosis control actions are focused on specialized services and the private network, which contributes to a late diagnosis, and hinder the interruption of disease transmission. Self-administered treatment was also observed, modality that favors the antagonistic outcome of the treatment.(AU)

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar las acciones de control de la tuberculosis realizadas en un gran municipio brasileño. Métodos Estudio cuantitativo de corte transversal cuya población (N = 137) incluyó pacientes con tuberculosis que fueron notificados en el Sistema de Informação de Agravos e Notificação y que mediante los critérios de inclusión y exclusión, se obtuvo uma muestra de (n = 75) obtenida después de la inclusión y de exclusión. Las variables estudiadas fueron: "centro de salud responsable por el diagnóstico de tuberculosis", "tiempo empleado en recibir el diagnóstico de tuberculosis después de la aparición de signos y síntomas", "centro de salud responsable por el tratamiento de la tuberculosis" y "tipo de tratamiento de tuberculosis". Los datos se obtuvieron de entrevistas estructuradas y se analizaron mediante estadísticas descriptivas y analíticas a través de la prueba de Chi cuadrado de Pearson, utilizando el software R. Conclusión El estudio identificó que las acciones de control de la tuberculosis están centralizadas en los servicios especializados de salud y en la red privada, lo que contribuye al diagnóstico tardío y dificulta la ruptura de la cadena de transmisión de la enfermedad, además del tratamiento autoadministrado, modalidad que favorece el resultado antagónico del tratamiento.(AU)

Conocimientos y comportamientos respecto a la prevención del VIH/SIDA de los adolescentes escolarizados de la zona norte de la ciudad de Catamarca 2012

Introducción: Actualmente, según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, el SIDA es uno de los principales problemas de salud en todo el mundo. La generación de adolescentes es la mayor de la historia, casi la mitad de la población mundial tiene menos de 25 años. El futuro de la pandemia tomará forma a partir de los actos de esos adolescentes. Objetivos: Los objetivos son indagar sobre los conocimientos y comportamientos sexuales acerca de la prevención del VIH/ SIDA en adolescentes escolarizados en escuelas públicas de la zona norte de la cuidad de Catamarca y determinar la relación entre el conocimiento recibido y la implementación de comportamientos sexuales preventivos. Material y Método: El diseño implementado es observacional, descriptivo correlacional de corte transversal. Se aplicó un cuestionario voluntario, anónimo, auto administrado, a estudiantes de 14 a 19 años, durante el mes de Septiembre del 2012. Obteniendo 414 cuestionarios analizados. Resultados: Edad media 15 años, con un total de 46,6% masculinos, 53,4% femeninos. La fuente de información más frecuente y la más importante fue la familia. El 56,3% refieren haber tenido relaciones sexuales, 122 varones y 111 mujeres. El 51,5%(n=233) refiere utilizar siempre preservativo en relaciones sexuales. Y el 91% de los encuestados nunca se han realizado el test para VIH. Más del 50% de la población encuestada tiene conocimientos de la transmisión de VIH/SIDA y modalidades de prevención y acceso al sistema de salud

SUMMARY: Introduction: Currently, according to the World Health Organization, AIDS is one of the major health problems worldwide. The generation of teenagers is the largest ever, nearly half the world's population is under 25 years. The future of the pandemic will take shape from the acts of those teenagers. Objectives: The objectives are to investigate the knowledge and comportamientossexuales about HIV / AIDS among adolescent students in public schools in the north of the city of Catamarca and determine the relationship between knowledge received and the implementation of preventive sexual behavior. Material and Methods: The implemented design is observational, descriptive cross-sectional correlational. a voluntary questionnaire, anonymous, self-administered, students 14 to 19 years was applied during the month of September 2012. Obteniendo414 questionnaires analyzed

Who Neglects Neglected Tropical Diseases? - Korean Perspective

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a group of tropical infectious diseases of poorest people. Of 17 NTDs managed by WHO, two, guinea worm disease (by 2015) and yaws (by 2020) are targeted for eradication, and four (blinding trachoma, human African trypanosomiasis, leprosy, and lymphatic filariasis) for elimination by 2020. The goals look promising but 11 others are still highly prevalent. Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are one NTD which prevail over the world including temperate zones. They had been highly prevalent in Korea but are mostly disappearing at present through systematic and sustainable control activity. The successful experience of STH control enables Korean experts to develop many programs of NTD control in developing countries. Several programs of both official development aid and non-governmental organizations are now targeting NTDs. Most NTDs are low in health priority compared to their health threats because they are chronic, insidious, and of low mortality. No one, including the victims, raised priority of NTD control with a loud voice in the endemic field of the diseases. After the millennium development goals declared disease control over the world, NTDs are becoming less neglected globally. Even with limited resources, beginning a sustainable national program is the key for the control and elimination of NTDs. No more neglect, especially no more self-neglect, can eliminate diseases and upgrade quality of life of the neglected people.

Integrated Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis Control over Five Years on Kome Island, Tanzania

Integrated control strategies are important for sustainable control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis, despite their challenges for their effective implementation. With the support of Good Neighbors International in collaboration with National Institute of Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania, integrated control applying mass drug administration (MDA), health education using PHAST, and improved safe water supply has been implemented on Kome Island over 5 years for controlling schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths (STHs). Baseline surveys for schistosomiasis and STHs was conducted before implementation of any integrated control strategies, followed by 4 cross-sectional follow-up surveys on randomly selected samples of schoolchildren and adults in 10 primary schools and 8 villages, respectively, on Kome islands. Those follow-up surveys were conducted for impact evaluation after introduction of control strategies interventions in the study area. Five rounds of MDA have been implemented from 2009 along with PHAST and improved water supply with pumped wells as other control strategies for complementing MDA. A remarkable steady decline of schistosomiasis and STHs was observed from 2009 to 2012 with significant trends in their prevalence decline, and thereafter infection rate has remained at a low sustainable control. By the third follow-up survey in 2012, Schistosoma mansoni infection prevalence was reduced by 90.5% and hookworm by 93.3% among schoolchildren while in adults the corresponding reduction was 83.2% and 56.9%, respectively. Integrated control strategies have successfully reduced S. mansoni and STH infection status to a lower level. This study further suggests that monitoring and evaluation is a crucial component of any large-scale STH and schistosomiasis intervention.

Health transition in Africa: practical policy proposals for primary care

Sub-Saharan Africa is undergoing health transition as increased globalization and accompanying urbanization are causing a double burden of communicable and noncommunicable diseases. Rates of communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS; tuberculosis and malaria in Africa are the highest in the world. The impact of noncommunicable diseases is also increasing. For example; age-standardized mortality from cardiovascular disease may be up to three times higher in some African than in some European countries. As the entry point into the health service for most people; primary care plays a key role in delivering communicable disease prevention and care interventions. This role could be extended to focus on noncommunicable diseases as well; within the context of efforts to strengthen health systems by improving primary-care delivery. We put forward practical policy proposals to improve the primary-care response to the problems posed by health transition: (i) improving data on communicable and noncommunicable diseases; (ii) implementing a structured approach to the improved delivery of primary care; (iii) putting the spotlight on quality of clinical care; (iv) aligning the response to health transition with health system strengthening; and (v) capitalizing on a favourable global policy environment. Although these proposals are aimed at primary care in sub-Saharan Africa; they may well be relevant to other regions also facing the challenges of health transition. Implementing these proposals requires action by national and international alliances in mobilizing the necessary investments for improved health of people in developing countries in Africa undergoing health transition

Participação da população no controle da dengue: uma análise da sensibilidade dos planos de saúde de municípios do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Community participation in dengue control: an analysis of the sensitivity of municipal health plans in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

A participação da população nas ações de combate ao Aedes aegypti tem sido apontada como um dos principais eixos dos programas de controle de dengue. Este estudo objetivou verificar em que medida os planos municipais de saúde contemplam a participação da população nas ações de controle de dengue, em municípios do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A análise dos planos de saúde foi realizada com base em um roteiro de leitura abrangendo suas partes constitutivas: (i) a introdução e análise da situação de saúde, (ii) objetivos e metas e (iii) propostas de intervenção. Com base nas menções, foi construído um índice de sensibilidade. Apenas um dos 16 planos de saúde analisados apresentou o índice médio de sensibilidade para a participação da população no controle de dengue, dois apresentaram índice baixo, 12 planos apresentaram índice muito baixo e um apresentou índice nulo de sensibilidade. Tal estudo permitiu identificar que a participação da população não ocupa posição privilegiada na formulação da política municipal de saúde para o controle de dengue.

Community participation in activities to combat the Aedes aegypti mosquito has been identified as one of the key thrusts in dengue control programs. This study aimed to verify the extent to which local health plans include community participation in dengue control activities in municipalities in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The municipal health plans were analyzed used a reading script covering their main sections: (i) introduction and analysis of the health situations, (ii) objectives and targets, and (iii) proposed interventions. A sensitivity index was constructed on the basis of affirmative answers. Only one of the 16 health plans showed medium sensitivity to community participation in dengue control, two had a low index, twelve showed a very low index, and one had a zero sensitivity index. The study indicated that community participation fails to occupy a privileged position in municipal health policy for dengue control.

Client satisfaction with immunization services in urban slums of Lucknow District.

Objective. To assess the satisfaction of parents with the immunization services and its association with their sociodemographic characteristics. Methods. The study was a part of the coverage evaluation survey conducted using the WHO 30 cluster sampling methodology in the Urban slums of Lucknow district, north India. Analysis for a total of 388 respondents of completely or partially immunized children, was done to assess the level of satisfaction and its determinants. Results.The overall satisfaction was more than 90% in the respondents of both the categories of the children, however the difference between the satisfaction rates was found to be significant. Also the satisfaction with accessibility (p<0.04) and information given by the health worker (p<0.00) differed significantly between completely and partially immunized. Most of the sociodemographic factors were not found to have a significant association with the satisfaction related to different parameters of the immunization services. Conclusion. The dissatisfaction regarding the various aspects of immunization services emphasizes the imperative need to intervene, for the achieving the goal of universal immunization.

Efficacy of repeat sputum examination in RNTCP.

BACKGROUND: The guidelines of repeat sputum smear examination in initial smear negative patients (ISN), who also fail the antibiotic trial of three samples have been incorporated in the RNTCP diagnostic algorithm in India in 2005. This study was conducted to assess the utility of repeat sputum smear examination in symptomatic initial smear negative patients to detect new smear positives in the state of Delhi. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The monthly records of the laboratory abstracts for the six quarters for all the 24 districts of Delhi were analysed w.e.f. first of January 2006 to 30th June 2007. RESULTS: A total of 243,244 TB suspects were examined for diagnosis during the six quarters w.e.f. January 2006. Of these, 37,666 were found positive on sputum smear microscopy giving a positivity rate of 15.4%. During the same period, a total of 2,195 (1% of ISN ) TB suspects underwent repeat sputum examination, of which 272 were found positive giving a mean positivity of 12.3%. CONCLUSION: A significant number of apparently smear negative TB cases may in fact be smear positive due to various reasons and can be detected by a simple repeat sputum examination. Yield of sputum positive cases in sputum reexamination is almost the same as in initial sputum examination i.e. 10-15%. Therefore, the policy of repeat sputum examination in symptomatic initial sputum negative cases failing the antibiotic trial should be meticulously followed as advocated in the RNTCP diagnostic algorithm.